ManyToManyFields confuse a lot of people. The way you relate objects to each other is just different enough from dealing with ForeignKeys and just uncommon enough in day-to-day Django development that it's easy to forget all the little tricks for dealing with them.

A very common pattern in a Django Project is to have some kind of 'model-type' relationship, where you have some kind of object that can only belong to one of the types defined in the database.

It is often necessary to differentiate between an argument that has not been provided, and an argument provided with the value `None`. For that purpose, we create what's called a 'sentinel value'.